KMU CAT 2025 original Test 1

All viruses contain genetic material (DNA or RNA) inside a protein capsid. They do not have a traditional nucleus or cytoplasm.

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, which requires more force than the right atrium pumping blood to the ventricle.

In metallic crystals, lattice points are occupied by positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons.

Many coelenterates (cnidarians) like corals have an exoskeleton composed of calcium carbonate.

From statements: Ayaz > Mehmood; Ayaz > Akbar; Zubair < Ayaz. Therefore, Ayaz is older than all mentioned.

Thermoregulation is coordinated by the hypothalamus. Effectors include blood vessels, sweat glands, and skeletal muscles.

In the Bohr model, velocity v ∝ Z/n. For a given atom (Z constant), v is inversely proportional to n. So it’s maximum in the first level (n=1).

In Einstein’s theory of relativity, time is treated as the fourth dimension in the spacetime continuum.

For one end fixed, one end free: L = nλ/4, where n=1,3,5… For 2nd harmonic, n=3. So λ = 4L/3 = (4*30)/3 = 40 cm.

Pinocytosis (“cell drinking”) is the ingestion of liquid into a cell by budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.

For a first-order reaction: Rate = k[A]. If [A] = 1 M, then Rate = k. For zero order, rate = k (independent of [A]). It’s a simplified assumption.

A buffer solution resists changes in pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base.

Total weight of empty boxes = 5 * 3kg = 15kg. Weight of soap = 75kg – 15kg = 60kg.

The hunter and bird are both stationary. With no relative motion, aim directly at the target.

“Endangered” is the specific term for species at very high risk of extinction in the near future.

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has a characteristic rod-shaped or helical capsid.

For efficient gas exchange, a respiratory surface needs a rich blood supply to carry gases.

Bronchioles terminate in clusters of alveoli, which are grouped into alveolar sacs.

After ovulation, the ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum, which secretes large amounts of progesterone.

Engine oil is a regular liquid, not a liquid crystal (which has phases between liquid and solid with orientational order).

Centripetal force is always perpendicular to the instantaneous velocity/displacement, so work done is zero.

K is +1, O is -2. Let Mn be x: +1 + x + 4(-2)=0 => x -7=0 => x=+7.

I2 is a molecular crystal, held by weak van der Waals forces. SiO2, graphite, and diamond are giant covalent/network solids.

According to Graham’s law, rate of effusion ∝ 1/√M. H2 has the lowest molar mass (2 g/mol), so it effuses fastest, taking the least time.

Both methylamine (NH2 group) and hydrogen peroxide (O-H bonds) can form strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which elevate their boiling points to be liquids at room temp.

Under constant gravitational acceleration and initial horizontal velocity, the trajectory is parabolic.

A simile is a direct comparison using “like” or “as”.

Oxidation can be defined as gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen, or loss of electrons. All are correct definitions.

Hess’s Law states that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the pathway (number of steps).

An imperative sentence is used to give commands, orders, or requests.

A chromosome is a structure composed of a long DNA molecule. Sections of that DNA that code for functional products are genes.

In sponges (Porifera), water enters through numerous small pores called ostia.

The pattern is consecutive even numbers added: +4, +6, +8, +10. Next is +12, so 30 + 12 = 42.

Glycogenesis is the process of glycogen synthesis from glucose.

A plane of symmetry (mirror plane) divides an object into two mirror-image halves.

Melting ice is a physical change (phase change). Applying pressure to melt below 0°C is a physical process described by the phase diagram.

A nerve impulse, or action potential, is the electrochemical signal that travels along a neuron.

In non-myelinated axons, the action potential propagates continuously along the entire axon length.

One atom corresponds to (1 / Avogadro’s number) moles of atoms. 1/NA mole.

The fundamental charge of an electron is -1.6 x 10^-19 Coulombs.

Propanoyl chloride (CH3CH2COCl) is an acyl chloride, which is a type of acid halide.

Sex hormones like testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone are all steroid hormones derived from cholesterol.

By definition, E = -∇V. The negative gradient of potential is the electric field intensity.

For normal operation of a transistor (active mode), the emitter-base junction is forward biased, and the collector-base junction is reverse biased.

The primary function of the respiratory system is breathing (ventilation) to exchange gases.

If the maximum n is 4, electrons can occupy n=1,2,3,4. Maximum electrons = 2(1)² + 2(2)² + 2(3)² + 2(4)² = 2+8+18+32 = 60.

H2 (lowest M) effuses fastest (first). Cl2 (highest M) effuses slowest (last). O2 effuses at an intermediate rate. So a and b are both correct statements.

In the Calvin cycle (dark reaction), the first stable product is 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), a 3-carbon molecule.

The rate-determining step (slowest step) controls the overall rate of a multi-step reaction.

Proteins are too large to pass through the semi-permeable membrane of the dialysis machine.

Bacillus refers to rod-shaped bacteria. Streptococcus is spherical (coccus).

Work = Force x Distance. Torque = Force x Distance. Both have the same dimensions: [ML²T⁻²].

Brass is a type of metal. A sparrow is a type of bird. It’s a category-member relationship.

Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) are polymers of nucleotides (nucleoside triphosphates, NTPs for RNA, dNTPs for DNA). ATP is one specific NTP.

Increased heart rate increases cardiac output, which enhances pulmonary circulation, increasing ventilation and oxygen supply.

Reaction: H2 + I2 ⇌ 2HI. Initially, only reactants are present, so forward rate is maximum and reverse rate is zero. As products form, forward rate decreases (reactants deplete).

The thermodynamic (Kelvin) scale is based on the laws of thermodynamics and is independent of substance properties.

j x k = i. Then i . (i) =

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is primarily spread through contaminated food and water (fecal-oral route).

A key property of transverse waves is that they can be polarized. Not all involve atom oscillation (e.g., EM waves) and not all travel in a vacuum (e.g., water waves).

While some minerals act as cofactors, coenzymes are specifically organic molecules derived from vitamins.

Work done BY the body is against friction. Force applied by body is in direction of motion, so work done is positive.

From Newton’s second law, F=ma. For uniform acceleration (a constant), F must be constant and non-zero.

The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy of the universe increases for irreversible processes. For an isolated system or the system+surroundings, entropy increases.

At the arterial end of capillaries, hydrostatic (blood) pressure forces fluid and small solutes out into the tissue fluid.

Oral bacteria ferment food particles (especially sugars), producing acids (like lactic acid) which lower the pH.

The periosteum is a dense layer of connective tissue covering the outer surface of bones.

For a child to have blood type O (genotype ii), each parent must contribute an ‘i’ allele. The child with type A (I^A i or I^A I^A) must have at least one I^A allele. Therefore, at least one parent must be heterozygous (e.g., I^A i) to provide both an I^A and an i allele.

Efficiency η = 1 – (T_cold/T_hot). If T_hot (source) increases, efficiency increases.

Insulin is produced and secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans.

An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion and ends with an exclamation mark.

Energy (J) = Power (W) x Time (s). E = 40 W * 3600 s = 144,000 J.

Van der Waals forces increase with molecular size and polarizability. Cl2 is the largest molecule among these, leading to strongest dispersion forces.

An apoenzyme is the protein part of an enzyme without its cofactor.

Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and leprosy by Mycobacterium leprae. Both are Actinomycetes.

Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria, the smallest known living cells.

Tt indicates two different alleles (T and t) for the same gene controlling height.

Resistivity (ρ) is the same. Conductivity (σ=1/ρ) is also the same. Resistance depends on dimensions. The temperature coefficient of resistivity is an intrinsic property that can differ.

“One gram atom” is an old term meaning one mole of atoms. For Cl, atomic mass is 35.5 g/mol. So both a and b are correct.

A metastable state is an excited state with a much longer lifetime than ordinary excited states due to forbidden transitions.

Fructose is a monosaccharide, not a disaccharide.

For a zero-order reaction, rate = k, independent of reactant concentration.

One glucose molecule yields 6 CO2 in aerobic respiration. For two glucose molecules: 2 x 6 = 12 CO2 molecules.

Frequency is determined by the source and does not change when the wave crosses a boundary.

IgG is the most abundant antibody in blood and tissue fluids, responsible for long-term immunity and memory response.

The pattern adds an increasing number: B(+2)→D(+3)→G(+4)→K(+5)→P(+6)→V.

The adult human skull (cranium and facial bones) typically consists of 22 bones, but including the ossicles of the ear (6), the total is 28.

The bond linking monosaccharides in disaccharides (like in sucrose) is a glycosidic bond.

Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder. Males (XY) only need one recessive allele to express the disease, while females (XX) need two.

The Dead Sea is extremely salty. Halophiles (“salt-loving”) archaea thrive there.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.

By Faraday’s Law, induced EMF = -dΦ/dt. So its dimension is that of voltage/potential difference.

The question is incomplete, so it cannot be answered.

Gases deviate from ideal behavior at low temperatures (intermolecular forces matter) and high pressures (molecular volume is significant).

Recombinant human insulin is primarily produced in genetically modified bacteria like E. coli.

Sucrose, salt, and fructose solutions are aqueous. Kerosene is a non-aqueous medium. Equilibrium constant expressions are applicable in any medium.

A clause contains a subject and verb. A dependent/subordinate clause does not express a complete thought.

The hepatic portal system allows the liver to detoxify substances (like absorbed toxins, drugs) before they enter systemic circulation.

The cerebellum is primarily responsible for motor coordination, balance, and posture.